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| c. 1000 |
| | | The first illustrated manual of surgery is written by Abul Kasim, an Arab physician in Cordoba | |
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| c. 1020 |
| | | The Persian scholar Avicenna, author of encyclopedic works on philosophy and medicine, spends the last part of his life in Isfahan | |
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| c. 1489 |
| | | Leonardo da Vinci begins an unprecedented series of detailed anatomical drawings, based on corpses dissected in Rome | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | European diseases bring death on a massive scale to an American population that has no immunity | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes a seven-volume work which for the first time lays bare human anatomy | |
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| 1545 |
| | | Ambroise Paré, the greatest surgeon of his day, publishes an account of how to treat gunshot wounds | |
|  | Artificial hand designed by Ambroise Paré
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1628 |
| | | William Harvey publishes a short book, De Motu Cordis, proving the circulation of the blood | |
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| 1658 |
| | | Samuel Pepys has a two-ounce stone cut from his bladder, in an operation carried out at home in the presence of his family | |
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| 1665 |
| | | The first recorded attempt at blood transfusion, at the Royal Society in London, proves that the idea is feasible | |
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| 1667 |
| | | The first successful human blood transfusion is achieved in Paris by Jean Baptiste Denis, apparently saving the life of a 15-year-old boy | |
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